• chemical analysis of electrolytes and electrodes
• element distribution mappings with SEM + EDX
• x-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase analysis
• characterisation of layers and structures

• non-destructive structural representation by computed tomography
• safe disassembly for further examination after discharging
• inspection of  electrode installation and contacting in materialographic images
• metallographic examination of pack- or module frames (e.g. welding or soldering joints) and more
• testing on mechanical safety devices (e.g. pressure relief valves)

Validation of protection with:

• electrical abuse tests (overcharge, overdischarge und short circuits)
• mechanical abuse tests (shock/vibration, crushing, drop test, penetration)
• thermal and climatic tests (altitude simulation, thermal cycling/shocks)
• provoked thermal runaways

• capacity and lifetime/cycle stability
• cower / power density
• electrical resistance (surface, contacting, …)